The strength of a password is measured in bits of entropy. Each bit roughly doubles the work an attacker has to do. A password with 80 bits of entropy is considered strong; 100+ is very strong; anything below 40 bits is trivially breakable by modern hardware.
Three factors drive entropy:
- Length - the dominant factor. Each extra character adds entropy equal to log2(charset size). For a 94-character keyboard set, that is ~6.5 bits per character.
- Character variety - mixing uppercase, lowercase, digits, and symbols increases the per-character contribution.
- True randomness - dictionary words, dates, and predictable substitutions (P@ssw0rd!) are guessed first by attackers and effectively cut entropy by orders of magnitude.